Caesar's 10th Legion - The Original Equestrian Unit

I know you are ALL waiting with baited breath to hear what I found out about the Caesar’s 10^th Legion – Legio X Equestris NOT to be confused with Legio X Gemina as it was bugging me.

Legio X Equestris were supposed to be foot soldiers, but in 58/57 BC Caesar wanted to quell any Germanic rebellion.  Can’t have those guys getting any ideas in their heads.  So he tries to overwhelm them by show of force with the 10^th.  I mean they just defeated the Gallic campaign, cmon!  He goes into the Rhine area and before he could pounce King Ariovistus of the Suebi calls for a parlee.  Caesar, who didn’t trust his Aedian Cavalry substitutes some of the soldiers from the 10^th in their place.  (Again, the 10^th were to be foot soldiers.)  He is able to put the Suebi down to rest and the 10^th get their reputation as cavalry! 

But, the 10^th was disbanded in 45 BC after Caesar’s untimely demise.  They were reconstituted by Lepidus, one of the guys in charge with Octavian, hunting down Caesar’s killers.  They also follow Mark Anthony during the Parthian Campaign where they lose in the  Battle of Actium.  These guys settle in Patra.  The legion rebels at some point, they did for Caesar too for lack of pay/extended years of service, and Octavian takes away their cognomen Equestris.  End of Legio X Equestis.

They were reconstituted again by Octavian in 42 BC as Legio X Gemina and stationed in Spain.   I will leave their story here.  AhhhHaaa….  It falls into place now.  These were Republican legions…  Republic/Empire shift.  Fantastic.  Mystery solved.  Moving on with the work of the day.

The Not So Subtle Tango of Cicero and Clodios

The Bon Dea Conspiracy provided Cicero what he needed to irritate Clodios for years:

• Cicero was quite a conservative
• Cicero was an optimate, whereas Clodios was a populare and a rebel/bad boy*
• Clodios perjured himself at the trial for the Bon Dae Conspiracy and Cicero could prove it
• Crassus decided the final out come of the trail, via bribes, Clodios was acquitted

Cicero

Publius Clodios Pulcher

 Never the less, Clodios wanted to get Cicero back for making him look bad in court.  (Clodios's power was a power of the people.  They loved him.  He increased the grain dole and had a way with the crowd.  He also had a retinue of gladiator guards to make sure he was ok.)  Over the years Cicero would use the Bona Dea Conspiracy to poke Clodios politically as he, Clodios, was also politically ambitious.  *Clodios was fond of the more lascivious pleasures in life.  "Publius Clodios out from his saffron dress, from his headdress, from his Cinderella slippers and his purple ribbons, from his breast band, from his dereliction, from his lust, is suddenly rendered a democrat." ~ Cicero of Clodios

When Clodios became a tribune he enacts a law to exile anyone who execute(s) a Roman citizen without a trial.  This was primarily aimed at Cicero.  Cicero had the members of the Catiline Conspiracy executed four years previously when he was consul.  Cicero was accountable for any 'crimes' committed while in office after the term of his office, even as consul.  As a result, Cicero is sent into exile.  His villa(s) on Palatine Hill, Tusculum and Formae are destroyed and his property confiscated.  This must have been very difficult for Terentia as their son Marcus was only seven years old at this time and they did not accompany Cicero on his exile.  Tullia's husband, Gaius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, or just Piso; worked for Cicero's return from exile. 

After one year, Cicero was allowed to return from exile.  He wasn't as free handed in his political views due to the ramifications he had suffered.  He went back to practicing law, mostly in support of the fellows in the First Triumvariate:  Caesar, Pompey and Crassus and writing.  He wrote his speeches down and wrote on the return to traditional/constitutional values that made the republic great.  Whereas, Clodios, who had many enemies, was killed in a skirmish on his way home from a talking to local officials in another town shortly after Cicero's return.

I cannot help but thinking both men were political pawns in a game for power by Caesar and Pompey.  Crassus would be included too, but he was busy preparing for the Parthian campaign and the glory of war with his seven legions.  Pompey, the optimate turned populare, and Caesar, the rising star.  They all wanted power.  Clodios was under the impression that he had more power than he actually did and Cicero, the consummate politician and academic, believed in the Roman Constitution.  Both men naïve in their own ways.  Men ultimately seek power and stop at nothing, but death, to get it. 

These small asides amuse me.  They are real, but read like fables.  Do not be fooled, all that glitters is not gold.  To be fair, it truly seems like Cicero had pure intentions from everything I have read.  And Clodios was in love with himself, first, and power overall.  Some things never change.

Bona Dea -
Bona Dea Festival in celebration of the Good Goddess.  She is the Roman Goddess of Earth and Bountiful Blessings.  She is the symbol of life and health.  Her festival is celebrated on the evening of May 4 and is for Women ONLY.  The festival was at the Temple of the Vestal Virgins, but then a prominent female member of Roman society would host a ladies only celebration.  Bona Dea had no priestess of her own.

Bona Dea - The Good Goddess

Bon Dea Conspiracy -
Clodius dressed up as a woman and went to the Bona Dea celebration at Caesar's house as he had a crush on Caesar's wife Pompeia.  He was found out at the party by slaves and hence the conspiracy of a man at a female only celebration. 

Caesar divorced Pompeia as Caesar's wife had to be beyond reproach and there was a trial which, as stated above, caused Clodios and Cicero to face off.  Clodios looked bad in front of the people when he perjured himself and he never forgave Cicero for doing that.  It took time, but Clodios got his revenge by having Cicero exiled when he became tribune.
 

Cicero by Everitt- Very Readable Even If You Aren't Into Roman History!

Cicero by Everitt is a very readable book even if you are not into Roman history like I am!  It starts out with a brilliant description of Rome in the first century BC.  Political, economic and social conditions that shaped the time.  You can go to Amazon.com - and go to Look Inside to see preview the first chapter:  Fault Lines.  It just blew me away.

Anyhow, I will continue.  You've seen the post (possibly) on Terentia, Cicero's first wife.  The interest in Cicero came from Freeman's book on Caesar where Cicero and Terentia were mentioned.  

Cicero

Terentia

 Cicero was from Arpinum (now Arpino), 70 south of Rome, a rural town on the Liris River.  He was born in January 3, 106 BC to a rural gentry/equites family.  Cicero meant "chick pea" in Latin.  Cicero's mother's name was Helvia.  Not much is known about her.  He also had a younger brother named Quintus.  The family business was laundry or fullers.  Since soap was not yet invented, clothes were bleached with animal urine and carbonate of soda, before being rinsed, laundered in water and put out to dry.  (I saw this on an episode of HBO's Rome and could not believe it, but I guess it was true.  Thank You Tide!)

Aprino, Italy

Location of Arpino

The family were populares/left-wing, but believed in education.  Cicero was sent to school to study in the traditional Roman way.  (See Caesar/Education section)  As Cicero got older he had an educational patron in Rome, "the celebrated orator Licius Lucinius Crassus, who was also a conservative and understood the need for reform." p31  Quintus also studied with the elder Crassus.  This is where he decided he wanted to become an advocate or lawyer.  (He also studied with Crassus' father-in-law, Quintus Mucius Scaevola, who was in his 80s.)  While studying with Scaevola, Cicero met Caius Julius Caesar, who was 6 years younger, and Titus Pomponius (later called Atticus.)

Atticus

Cicero was a traditionalist and an academic.  He liked old Roman values and believed in the constitution.  He felt there were too many foreigners in Rome.  The discussion in the book turns to Sulla, optimate or traditional, and his return to traditional values when he took over as dictator.  Soon after Sulla left office, many of his reforms were over turned by the populares or more liberal views. 

• Increasing the power/size of Senate
• 300 - 400 members
• Note:  Caesar also increased the number of Senators due to the increase in the territory of the Republic after his conquests of Spain, Gaul, Egypt
• Increased the number of Quaestors
• Set age requirements for various gov positions
• Tribunes lost much authority that he gave back to the Senate
• Introduced new rules for elected officials
• Put proscription lists up in the Forum to kill many aristocrats
• Property taken and sold cheaply
• Sulla made some money this way and rid himself of his enemies
• Crassus's father and brother killed during this time
• Crassus jr. fled to Spain where the family had some friends and hid in a cave to escape the same fate

After this digression or foray into history, the author tells us Cicero marries Terentia in 79 BC at the age of 27.  Her dowry was substantial 400,000 - 480,000 sesterces, enough to buy Cicero entry into the equestrian order in Rome.  Terentia came from a very wealthy family and she was the heir to her father's fortune.  (Terentia's half-sister, Fabia, was a Vestal Virgin.)  Terentia managed her money/land holdings, whereas the dowry became Cicero's.  She had a family supported guardian to help her in these endeavors, but she was a smart girl.


Interesting Facts re. Rome in 1st century BC:

• 400,000 Roman citizens
• 1/5 children died in infancy & 1/3 died by maturity - 16 I am assuming
• Roman Social Strata
• Patrician
• Equites/Knights/Rural Gentry
• Shop Keepers/Artisans/Small Holders
• Landless peasantry/farm workers/free-born men in cities 
• High unemployment among free-born men in the Rome 
• Added to cost of grain dole for state
• Slaves 
• 1/4 of Roman population
• Represented security concern
• Women/Girls could wed as young as 12 years old, but consummation was usually put off for a few years (according to the book)
• Older men married, late 20s & early 30s, married much younger women
• Roman Legal System - various courts specializing in different kinds of crime (eg. treason, murder, extortion) 
• In General:
• Praetor resided
• 30-60 Jurors 
• Prosecutor would open the case with a speech and supporting council would follow up.  A water clock would keep equal time for both sides.
• Witness were questioned and cross-examined
• Advocates would debate between themselves
• Voted in secret on wax tablets
• A - absolvo
• C - Dondemno
• Bribery rampant
• Civil Cases - were heard in two parts
• Part I - before a Praetor who defined the issues in question
• Part II - before a judge or jury for a decision.  Praetor would give his opinion to the judge or jury.
• War of the Allies (Social War) 89 - 91 BC - Mithrades, King of Pontus, invades Rome.
• Roman Life - Roman Forum center of activity - social, economic and political
• Lived during the day when it was light out
• Needed torches to see at night as there were no street lights
• Dangerous to go around at night
• Rome was over crowde
• Town planning had not occurred at this point in Roman history  
• No wide thoroughfares or avenues at this time
• Apartments or insulae were quickly constructed to house the people
• High rise buildings 5 or 6 stories tall
• Shops on ground floor
• Frequently collapsed as they were not well build and hastily constructed
• Periodic floods also destroyed these building
• Cicero was a landlord/developer of these building
• Traditional Roman Marriage - Early Republic - by the Late Republic this ritual had lost it's appeal and was replaced by a simpler ceremony.  eg. like marriage in a registry office.  (I like the Early Repbulic - Big Italian wedding better!!!)
• Bride wore a white tunic and a special belt for the husband to untie ;) and a flame colored veil
• Hair done up with braids and extra hair if needed for the hair do with ribbons
• An animal was sacrificed and an Augur would examine it's entrails and declare the auspices favorable
• What if they weren't???
• Vows were exchanged
• Wedding feast concluded by ritual attempt to pull bride from mother's arms in an attempted abduction
• Procession to husbands house
• Bride would smear husbands door with oil and lard and decorate it with strands of wool
• She was lifted over the threshold & now you know where that one comes from!
• Fade to black...
• Religion - polytheistic, but interesting take on Roman religion of the late republic by the author, "Religion was not so much a set of personal beliefs as precisely laid-down ways of living in harmony with he expectations of the gods.  In fact, by the end of the Republic educated men believed less in the literal truth of the apparatus of religious doctrine than in the vaguer notion of the validity of tradition."  ~ Everitt p55.
• This also goes along with the optimate trend to return to traditional roman values and the belief in the Roman constitution that many Senators were touting at the end of the republic
• College of Augurs - had the sole right of interpreting the auspices. 
• An Augur would mark off a rectangular space, called a templum (the origin of the  word temple,) from which he would conduct his observations.
• Augur's would determine if the site was favorable or un-favorable for a temple
• Roman Calendar divided into 12 columns marked by:
• F - Fastus - Lucky - Lawful - business could be conducted
• Law Courts could sit
• Farmers to plow or harvest crops
• C - Comitialis - Especially Fortunate/Lucky Days
• Popular Assemblies could mee
• N - Nefastus - Unlucky - Unlawful - business could not be conducted
• Kalends - First of the month - super lucky
• Could hold religious ceremonies
• Nones - the 9th day before the Ides
• Ides - the 13th or 15th day of the month
• Anniversaries of national disasters - Caesar's [upcoming] murder
• Roman Festivals and Holiday - numerous throughout the year
• Public Holiday dates not fixed until the last minute by priests and officials who managed the calendar ~ Everitt p 56

Terentia - A Formidable Woman

Terentia was Cicero's first wife.  For some reason she just jumped off the pages and spoke to me.  I went off and did some research on her and this is what I found.

She was the daughter of Terentii Variones, a cousin of Varro and friend of Marcus Terentius Varro.  She came from a very wealthy patrician family and her half-sister Fabia was a vestal virgin.  Upon her father's death, she became very wealthy.  She had a 400,000 sesterces dowry when she married Cicero.  This became Cicero's, but she still had investments and land she managed on her own with her guardian Philotimus.  In the late republic/empire, women had more rights and could manage their affairs with the help of a family member.  It all did not go to the father/husband as it did before.  

When Cicero married Terentia, he in essence married up in the social standing of the late republic.  Terentia came from a patrician family, whereas Cicero came from a rural nobility.  He was what was called a 'New Man,' someone who gained power on his own.  In 78 BC, Terentia and Cicero had their first daughter Tullia and in 65 BC their son, Marcus Tullius Cicero.  They only had two children.  Some evidence I read suggested infertility issues between Terentia and Cicero, but with that said, they still had two children together.  Terentia did not accompany Cicero when he went abroad to Sicily.  She stayed back with young Tullia.

In 47/46 BC Terentia and Cicero divorced.  Terential was 52 years old.  Reasons for the divorce from Cicero are dishonesty in financial dealings.  Cicero did not like how Terentia was handling her investments.  Cicero feared for his sons financial future from Terentia's management of her lands and investments and or her treatment of Tullia.  Or at least that is what the literature I have read has suggested.  It is also pointed out that correspondence cooled between Terentia and Cicero.  There was no formal letter declaring the divorce as was the custom at this time.  The divorce was official none the less.  

Her next husband after Cicero was Caius Sallustius Crispus, or the historian Sallust.  From this point on she remarried two more husbands and lived to be 103 years old.  

Views on Caesar by Freeman

I just finished Caesar by Phillip Freeman.  Interesting book.  It does a nice job for a biography.  The end felt rushed, like I have to finish this book in 350 pages or else!  And it's the Ides of March and Caesar dies. Overall, it was very good.  

It was interesting to find out that Caesar was unusually tall and fair skinned.  He was quite vain according to several sources.  He didn't like his balding head.  He sported a comb over or a crown of laurels to cover his receding hair line.  He was also a ladies man as evidenced by his 20 year affair with Servilla, Brutus's mother.

Thoughts on Caesar:

• He was a Popularist from birth - this trend carried through his life.
• He was a great orator, general and administrator (government)
• He understood the constitution, the people (the mob) and how to manipulate them both
• Cato was his arch enemy until his death
• He was not superstitious and he was very vain (eg. about his receding hair line)
• Married 3 times and a notorious ladies man (eg. Servilla, Cleopatra)
• Buried inside of the city walls - this was not done until the Christian times

The Women - 

Servilla - Caesar has an affair with her from 64 BC to 44 BC when he was murdered.  Servilla was  married to Decimus Janius Silanus, a consul elect, at the time.  (Her first husband, Brutus's father, died in war.)  Servilla was Brutus's mother, had 3 daughters with Janius, and Cato's step-sister.  In 65 BC, Cato reads Caesar's love letter to Servilla to the Senate with disgust during a speech to have the conspirators in the Catiline revolt put to death.  This was a huge scandal in Rome.  After the Gallic campaign, Caesar presented Servilla with a large black pearl.    

Cleopatra - I think Caesar had this liaison for political reasons.  She was lovely, but in a different way.  She was still a barbarian.  Cleopatra needed Caesar for control of her lands and to get power from her brother/husband, Ptolemy, and sister, Arsinoe.  Her son with Caesar, Ptolemy Philadelphius, or Caesarian, kept the ties there too.  

Roman Schooling - 3 Stages [Supplemented with information from Cicero by Everitt] - "A household slave, paedagogus, would accompany the young students to school and carry his/her bag.  Classes were conducted on an open porch or shop.  Students used wax tablets," for their lessons.  p 27  "Knowledge was acquired through repetition.  Ludus means 'game' in Latin.  Classes would begin at dawn, without breakfast, and went on into the afternoon.  There were no sports during the day.  The day might end with a steam bath." p28  Summer vacation July - October, otherwise the kids were in class.

1. Ludi Magister/Ludus Litterarius - Private schooling from age 7-12 at home with tutors girls could also attend primary school
• Reading
• Writing
• Elementary mathematics
2. Grammaticus - Literature, Grammar and Poetry in Greek and Latin from age 12-15 or 16
• Homer
• Twelve Tablets - Rome's primary code of laws established in 450 BC
3. Rhetoric or the art of public speaking- Before colleges for public speaking for Age 15 or 16 to when they started their careers.  The study of rhetoric was broken into five areas:
• Inventio - Seeking out ideas or lines or argument
• Collecocatio - Structure and Organization
• Elocutio - Diction and Style
• Actio - Physical Delivery
• Memoria - Memorizing

Gymnasium - Sports, athletics for the rigors of war.  Both rhetoric and literature gave students a grounding in Ethics:  the virtues of Fortitude, Justice and Prudence.  Many students also studied with patrons or mentors to lean the ropes for when they assumed the mantle of responsibility.  

Roman Path of Honors -

• Military Tribune
• Serving a legion
• Quaestor - unpaid position, must rely on family for monies
• Mundane tasks of government
• Military Treasurer
• Monitoring Food Supply
• Aedile - 1 year                                        - Tribune of the Plebes -10
• Public Infrastructure Maintenance
• Temples
• Water Supply 
• Police Functions
• Public Games
• Praetor - possessed Imperium - Power of Command
• Military Service
• Serving Rome Abroad
• Judicial Functions
• Consul - 2
• Elected by Centuriate Assembly and held Imperium
• ProConsuls - Governors of Provinces - money makers
• Censors - every 5 years a census would be conducted of the citizens (population) 
• Dictator - in times of dire emergency (eg. Sulla)

Roman Government -

• Centuriate Assembly
• Military Assembly met on the Field of Mars outside the city walls
• Pomerium - Scared boundary of the city
• Military affairs had to be conducted outside of the city
• Tribal Assembly
• Could pass laws, but must be present to vote
• 35 Tribes of Rome
• Urban 
• Rural
• Plebian Assembly - 10 Tribunes of the Plebes
• Empowered to pass legislation binding on the state
• Senate - Patrician Advisers to the Consul(s)

The Narritive - 
The book goes into my generals Marius (marries Caesar's Aunt Julia), Cinna and Sulla (Optimate).  The Italian War.  My man Marcus Lucinius Crassus too, the man who took down Spartacus!  I need more information on these topics as they are treated in a summary manner.  For me it gets confusing to keep all the ducks in a row, so I will just concentrate on Caesar at this juncture.

• Italian War - 89 BC - grants citizenship to most of Italian lands south of the Po Valley, but not Cisalpine Gaul on the Italian side of the Alps.
• Pompey
• Pompey spends 6 years in the Far East in conquest of lands for Rome
• Pompey is supposedly quite handsome and looks like Alexander the Great

69 BC Caesar becomes a Quaestor

His first wife Cornelia suddenly dies as does his Aunt Julia who was married to Marius

67 BC marries Pompeia - Pompey's granddaughter - they stay married until the fiasco of the Bona Dea Festival.  She 'supposedly' gives the appearance of having a liason with Publius Clodius Plucher.  (Clodius sneaks into the female only festival.)  And Caesar divorces her for the mear thought of infidelity.  

65 BC Aedile for 1 year - curator of Rome

63 BC Caesar's niece Atia gives birth to Octavian [Augustus] - Caesar's future successor and creator of the Roman Empire after 17 years of eliminating his enemies.  (Holy Cow, I read an entire book on this guy.  He was good.  He succeed where Caesar failed.)

Caesar ran for Ponitfex Maximus.  He bribed many to win.  There were 17 voting tribes in Rome.  Caesar only needed to bribe 9, the majority of them, to win.  He did win and moved his family from Subura to the Domus Publica where the Ponitfex Maximus lived.  (The early Christian Church took their organization structure from the Roman structure.)

Catiline Revolt - this bugs me like the Gracchi Bros bugs me.  Catiline tries to over throw the Roman government and replace it with his own.  He had the help of the Allobroges tribe from Gaul who were in town at the time.  (What a coincidence...)  Catiline gets found out.  Revolt gets put down.  Everybody involved gets killed.  Endastory.

First Triumvariate - 60 BC
Caesar
Pompey*
Crassus*
*Do not get along - Cicero also disliked Crassus

59 BC Consulship with Balbus - whom Caesar put on equal footing with himself.  Balbus was a Spainish native made a citizen by Pompey, but he was a supporter of Caesar.

• Introduce a land reform bill that was detailed and reasonable to include land for Pompey's veterans and families with more than 3 children.  (Rome was over crowded at this time and the grain dole was becoming expensive for the state to support.)
• Optimates, including Cato, were initially against the bill
• Got the Senate to record the minutes of the proceedings

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Social Reforms made in 43/44 BC -

1. Census - to eliminate massive fraud by ineligible residents obtaining grain from the state.  Putting more money back into the state's budget for other things.
2. Restrictions on Roman Men Traveling - due to a population decrease, men needed to stay put to increase the population.  The only exception being men in military service.
3. Increased the Number of Senators - to 1000 to govern the increase of size of the republic (Spain, Gaul, Egypt)
4. Banned Guilds - except traditional or long standing guilds
5. Public Library in Rome - since the library was burnt down in Alexandria, Caesar re-created one in Rome
6. Composition of Juries - to exclude members of the lower class
7. New Harbor in Ostia - to facilitate & increase trade in Rome
8. Infrastructure Improvements in Rome - draining the swamp which was malaria infested and digging a canal across the isthmus of Corinth, Greece
9. Expanding Citizenship* - 89 BC The Italian War granted full citizenship granted to Northern Italians, but in 46 BC Spain and Gaul were granted citizenship (those of standing who co-operated with Rome) and to physicians and teachers who settled in Rome.
10. Citizen Colonies - established by Caesar to move craftsmen & idle poor from the slums of Rome and to increase Roman influence in these areas.  (Moving the idle poor also decreased the amount of people on the grain dole in Rome.)
11. Reduce Dependency on Slaves - for security purposes. (One quarter of Rome's population were supposedly slaves) and to give those jobs to free-born unemployed Romans - Economic stimulation
12. Creation of Julian Calendar - perhaps Caesar's most biggest and long lasting accomplishment!

*Contributing factor to Caesar's assassination?

Factors Leading to Caesar's Downfall:

• Cato by Cicero, Anti-Cato by Caesar & Brutus's pamphlet on Cato
• General unease & political confusion in Rome
• Anthony's poor management of Italy during Caesar's absence as he was putting the final end to Pompey's troops/Civil War
• Optimates trying to get power back from Populares
• Increased government expenditures by the Populares to keep the people happy
• Return to traditional Roman Values or Roman Constitution